Nucleotide
| Code | Equivalence | Complement |
|---|---|---|
| A | A | T or U |
| C | C | G |
| G | G | C |
| T or U | T | A |
| M | A or C | K |
| R | A or G | Y |
| W | A or T | W |
| S | C or G | S |
| Y | C or T | R |
| K | G or T | M |
| V | A or C or G | B |
| H | A or C or T | D |
| D | A or G or T | H |
| B | C or G or T | V |
| X or N | A or C or G or T | X |
A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. Nucleotides also play important roles in cellularular energy transport and transformations (notably ATP and NAD+/NADH), and in enzyme regulation (see for example, protein kinase).
The nucleobase can be purines or pyrimidines, the sugar can be deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA, and the phosphate chain can be a monophosphate, diphosphate, or triphosphate. A nucleotide that lacks the phosphate group is called nucleoside.
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2 Chemical structures 3 See also 4 External links |
Nomenclature
Nucleotide names are abbreviated into standard four-letter codes. The first letter is lower case and indicates whether the nucleotide in question is a ribonucleotide (r) or deoxyribonucleotide (d). The second letter indicates the nucleobase:
- G: Guanine
- A: Adenine
- T: Thymine
- C: Cytosine
- U: Uracil not present in DNA, but takes the place of Thymine in RNA
For example, deoxy-cytosine-triphosphate is abbreviated as dCTP.
Chemical structures
Nucleotides
| AMP | ADP | ATP |
| GMP | GDP | GTP |
| TMP | TDP | TTP |
| UMP | UDP | UTP |
| CMP | CDP | CTP |
Deoxynucleotides
| dAMP | dADP | dATP |
| dGMP | dGDP | dGTP |
| dTMP | dTDP | dTTP |
| dUMP | dUDP | dUTP |
| dCMP | dCDP | dCTP |
See also
External links
- Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents (IUPAC)
- Provisional Recommendations 2004 (IUPAC)
| Nucleic acids [ [{{localurl:{ |
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Nucleobases
Adenine - Thymine - Uracil - Guanine - Cytosine Purine - Pyrimidine - Nucleosides Adenosine - Thymidine - Uridine - Guanosine - Cytidine Deoxyadenosine - Deoxythymidine - Deoxyuridine - Deoxyguanosine - Deoxycytidine Ribose - Deoxyribose Nucleotides AMP - TMP - UMP - GMP - CMP ADP - TDP - UDP - GDP - CDP ATP - TTP - UTP - GTP - CTP cAMP - cGMP Deoxynucleotides dAMP - dTMP - dUMP - dGMP - dCMP dADP - dTDP - dUDP - dGDP - dCDP dATP - dTTP - dUTP - dGTP - dCTP Nucleic acids DNA - RNA - mRNA - ncRNA - miRNA - rRNA - shRNA - siRNA - tRNA - Oligonucleotide |
